Context Isolation

What is it?

Isolamento de Contexto é um recurso que garante que tanto os seus scripts do preload quanto a lógica interna do Electron sejam executados em um contexto separado para a pagina que você carregar em um webContent. Isso é importante por questões de segurança, pois ajuda a impedir que a pagina web acesse os módulos internos do Electron ou aos privelégios de APIs que seu script de preload tem acesso.

Isto significa que o objeto window ao qual seu script de preload tem acesso seja realmente um objeto diferente do qual a sua pagina web teria acesso. For example, if you set window.hello = 'wave' in your preload script and context isolation is enabled, window.hello will be undefined if the website tries to access it.

Context isolation has been enabled by default since Electron 12, and it is a recommended security setting for all applications.

Migração

Without context isolation, I used to provide APIs from my preload script using window.X = apiObject. Now what?

Before: context isolation disabled

Exposing APIs from your preload script to a loaded website in the renderer process is a common use-case. With context isolation disabled, your preload script would share a common global window object with the renderer. You could then attach arbitrary properties to a preload script:

preload.js

// preload with contextIsolation disabled
window.myAPI = {
  doAThing: () => {}
}

The doAThing() function could then be used directly in the renderer process:

renderer.js

// use the exposed API in the renderer
window.myAPI.doAThing()

After: context isolation enabled

There is a dedicated module in Electron to help you do this in a painless way. The contextBridge module can be used to safely expose APIs from your preload script's isolated context to the context the website is running in. The API will also be accessible from the website on window.myAPI just like it was before.

preload.js

// preload with contextIsolation enabled
const { contextBridge } = require('electron')

contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('myAPI', {
  doAThing: () => {}
})

renderer.js

// use the exposed API in the renderer
window.myAPI.doAThing()

Please read the contextBridge documentation linked above to fully understand its limitations. For instance, you can't send custom prototypes or symbols over the bridge.

Security considerations

Just enabling contextIsolation and using contextBridge does not automatically mean that everything you do is safe. For instance, this code is unsafe.

preload.js

// ❌ Bad code
contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('myAPI', {
  send: ipcRenderer.send
})

It directly exposes a powerful API without any kind of argument filtering. This would allow any website to send arbitrary IPC messages, which you do not want to be possible. The correct way to expose IPC-based APIs would instead be to provide one method per IPC message.

preload.js

// ✅ Good code
contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('myAPI', {
  loadPreferences: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('load-prefs')
})

Usage with TypeScript

If you're building your Electron app with TypeScript, you'll want to add types to your APIs exposed over the context bridge. The renderer's window object won't have the correct typings unless you extend the types with a declaration file.

For example, given this preload.ts script:

preload.ts

contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('electronAPI', {
  loadPreferences: () => ipcRenderer.invoke('load-prefs')
})

You can create a interface.d.ts declaration file and globally augment the Window interface:

interface.d.ts

export interface IElectronAPI {
  loadPreferences: () => Promise<void>,
}

declare global {
  interface Window {
    electronAPI: IElectronAPI
  }
}

Doing so will ensure that the TypeScript compiler will know about the electronAPI property on your global window object when writing scripts in your renderer process:

renderer.ts

window.electronAPI.loadPreferences()